Dominant contribution of atmospheric nonlinearities to ENSO asymmetry and extreme El Niño events.

Extreme El Niño events have outsized impacts and strongly contribute to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm/cold phase asymmetries. There is currently no consensus on the respective importance of oceanic and atmospheric nonlinearities for those asymmetries. Here, we use atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models that reproduce ENSO asymmetries well to quantify the atmospheric nonlinearities contribution. The linear and nonlinear components of the wind stress response to Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies are isolated using ensemble atmospheric experiments, and used to force oceanic experiments. The wind stress-SST nonlinearity is dominated by the deep atmospheric convective response to SST. This wind-stress nonlinearity contributes to ~ 40% of the peak amplitude of extreme El Niño events and ~ 55% of the prolonged eastern Pacific warming they generate until the following summer. This large contribution arises because nonlinearities consistently drive equatorial westerly anomalies, while the larger linear component is made less efficient by easterly anomalies in the western Pacific during fall and winter. Overall, wind-stress nonlinearities fully account for the eastern Pacific positive ENSO skewness. Our findings underscore the pivotal role of atmospheric nonlinearities in shaping extreme El Niño events and, more generally, ENSO asymmetry.

Crecimiento y desarrollo puberal en niñas adoptadas de Rusia: seguimiento de 12 años / Growth and pubertal development in girls adopted from Russia: 12-year follow-up

Introducción: los objetivos fueron aportar datos de la evolución longitudinal del crecimiento y determinar la edad de la telarquia y menarquia en niñas adoptadas de Rusia. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo sobre 24 niñas rusas adoptadas en España entre 2002-2010 controladas durante doce años. Se recopilaron antecedentes adversos revisando los informes médicos preadoptivos. Se registraron estandarizadamente: peso, talla, perímetro cefálico y edad de la telarquia y menarquia. Los valores medios se compararon con estándares de referencia. Resultados: antecedentes principales: pretérmino (33,3%), bajo peso al nacer (41,7%), exposición prenatal al alcohol (45,8%), abuso/negligencia (54,2%). Evaluación inicial: edad media (DE), 3 (1,6) años; puntuación Z (pZ) peso, -1,35; pZ talla, -2,42; pZ perímetro cefálico, -1,77. Tras 1 año de la adopción, se observó crecimiento recuperador significativo del peso (pZ +0,68), talla (pZ +0,98) y perímetro cefálico (pZ +0,76). Tendencias temporales del crecimiento: no se observó retraso del peso desde los 7 años; la talla mantuvo recuperación hasta los 10 años (pZ -0,40) y se mantuvo estable hasta los 15 años (pZ -0,46); el grado de retraso de la talla siempre fue superior al del peso. Aparición de la telarquia: edad media (DE), 9,9 (0,8) años; talla 135,4 cm (pZ -0,43). Presentación de la menarquia: edad media (DE), 11,9 (0,7) años; talla 147,6 cm (pZ -0,44). Conclusiones: el patrón de crecimiento y desarrollo se caracterizó por un retraso severo de la talla y moderado del peso y perímetro cefálico en el momento de la adopción, un rápido, significativo y prolongado crecimiento recuperador, una aceleración del desarrollo puberal con telarquia y menarquia tempranas, y una incompleta recuperación de la talla. (AU)

Introduction: the objectives were to provide longitudinal data on growth and determine the age of thelarche and menarche in girls adopted from Russia. Material and methods: prospective cohort study in 24 girls from Russia adopted in Spain in the 2002-2010 period, who were followed up for 12 years. The history of adverse childhood experiences was collected by reviewing pre-adoption medical records. We recorded standardised measurements of weight, height and head circumference and the age at thelarche and menarche. The mean values were compared with reference standards. Results: Salient history: preterm birth (33.3%), low birth weight (41.7%), prenatal alcohol exposure (45.8%), abuse and neglect (54.2%). Initial evaluation: mean age, 3 years (standard deviation [SD] 1.6) years; weight z-score (z), −1.35; height z, −2.42; head circumference z −1.77. One year after adoption, there was significant catch-up growth in weight (z +0.68), height (z +0.98), and head circumference (z +0.76). Temporal trends in growth: no weight delay from age 7 years; height continued to recover until age 10 (z −0.40) and remained stable until age 15 (z −0.46); the delay was greater compared to weight at every timepoint. The mean age at onset of thelarche was 9.9 years (SD 0.8) with a height of 135.4 cm (z −0.43). The mean age at menarche was 11.9 years (SD 0.7) years, with a height of 147.6 cm (z −0.44). Conclusions: the pattern of growth and development was characterized by severe delay in linear growth and a moderate delay in weight and head circumference at the time of adoption, rapid, significant and prolonged catch-up growth, acceleration of pubertal development with early thelarche and menarche and an incomplete recovery of linear growth. (AU)

Changes in dinoflagellate and diatom blooms in the East China Sea over the last two decades, under different spatial and temporal scale scenarios.

Frequent algal blooms in the nearshore area of the East China Sea (ECS) pose a serious threat to both the marine environment and human health. Climate and environmental changes play an important role in the occurrence of diatoms and dinoflagellates blooms. Using the MODIS-Aqua 1-km satellite observations, the outbreaks of dinoflagellate and diatom blooms in the ECS coast in summer during 2003-2022 were mapped. Our results found that although the bloom frequency of dinoflagellate was consistently higher than diatoms, its bloom intensity showed a slightly decline trend in recent decades. The driving factors analysis showed that river runoff and sediments discharge played different effect on the formation of diatom and dinoflagellate blooms. Besides, our results compared the effect of El Niño and La Niña on bloom occurrences. This study was supposed to provide detailed insights into algal blooms, with important implications for relevant meteorological and climate changes in coastal regions.

Effect of environmental variables on the incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil and Colombia.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe of the three forms of Leishmaniasis. In the Americas, Brazil and Colombia present more than 90 % of the cases in the region. Our aim in this research was to estimate the association of the incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis with the following environmental variables: the percentage of area suitable for the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, the episodes of La Niña and El Niño, the Brazilian and Colombian biomes. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System. Environmental data were downloaded from the NASA Giovanni web app, the Modis Sensor database, and the meteorological agencies of Australia, Japan, and the United States of America. Records of the presence of Lu. longipalpis were obtained from public databases and previous studies. As a result, the incidence per 10,000 inhabitants with LEBS for each El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode showed the largest values during El Niño 2015-2016, mainly in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. Compared with the Neutral 2012-2014 episode, the episodes of El Niño 2015-2016 and La Niña 2010-2011 showed an average increase in the monthly incidence rate of VL, and the average increase was higher during El Niño 2015-2016 (aIRR = 2.304 vs.1.453) We found a positive association between the incidence rate of VL and the El Niño 2015-2016 episode and an impressive% of area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis in the Amazon region.An increase of 1 % in the area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis leads to an average rise of 0.8 % in the monthly incidence rate of VL. Our study shows a possible association between VL incidence and ENSO, with the most considerable incidence rates observed during El Niño 2015-2016 in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. The present study is very important to better understand the Visceral Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.

Effect of environmental variables on the incidence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil and Colombia

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe of the three forms of Leishmaniasis. In the Americas, Brazil and Colombia present more than 90 % of the cases in the region. Our aim in this research was to estimate the association of the incidence rate of Visceral Leishmaniasis with the following environmental variables: the percentage of area suitable for the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, the episodes of La Niña and El Niño, the Brazilian and Colombian biomes. Epidemiological data were obtained from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Colombian National Public Health Surveillance System. Environmental data were downloaded from the NASA Giovanni web app, the Modis Sensor database, and the meteorological agencies of Australia, Japan, and the United States of America. Records of the presence of Lu. longipalpis were obtained from public databases and previous studies. As a result, the incidence per 10,000 inhabitants with LEBS for each El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode showed the largest values during El Niño 2015–2016, mainly in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. Compared with the Neutral 2012–2014 episode, the episodes of El Niño 2015–2016 and La Niña 2010–2011 showed an average increase in the monthly incidence rate of VL, and the average increase was higher during El Niño 2015–2016 (aIRR = 2.304 vs.1.453) We found a positive association between the incidence rate of VL and the El Niño 2015–2016 episode and an impressive% of area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis in the Amazon region.An increase of 1 % in the area suitable for the vector Lu. longipalpis leads to an average rise of 0.8 % in the monthly incidence rate of VL. Our study shows a possible association between VL incidence and ENSO, with the most considerable incidence rates observed during El Niño 2015–2016 in Brazil's Northeast and Central regions and the Northeast region of Colombia. The present study is very important to better understand the Visceral Leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.

Investigación narrativa con niños y niñas: una reflexión teórico-metodológica

(analítico) Se presenta una reflexión teórico-metodológica derivada de una investigación sobre experiencias de participación y subjetividades en niños y niñas, ubicados en contextos institucionales y comunitarios de tres países de la región. En oposición a los enfoques que asumen a estas personas como sujetos receptores per se, la metodología de este estudio adoptó la investigación narrativa, dada su potencialidad para que los participantes logren narrarse, conocerse y transformarse. De esta manera, en la primera parte, se propone un acercamiento ontológico, epistémico y metodológico a la investigación narrativa con niños y niñas. Luego, basados en el trabajo de campo del estudio, se abordan técnicas de investigación que favorecen la interacción horizontal para la generación de conocimiento con estas personas, desde lo dialógico y lo estético. Al final, se presentan las conclusiones.

(analytical) The article presents a theoretical-methodological reflection derived from research on experiences of participation and subjectivities in boys and girls, located in institutional and community contexts in three countries of the region. In opposition to the approaches that assume these people as receiving subjects per se, methodology of this study adopted narrative research, given its potential for the participants to narrate themselves, to know themselves and to transform themselves. Thus, in the first part, an ontological, epistemic and methodological approach to narrative research with children is proposed. Then, based on the field work of the study, research techniques that favor horizontal interaction for the generation of knowledge with these people are addressed, through the dialogic and the aesthetic. Finally, the conclusions are presented.

(analítico) O artigo apresenta uma reflexão teórico-metodológica derivada de pesquisas sobre experiências de participação e subjetividades em meninos e meninas, localizadas em contextos institucionais e comunitários em três países da região. Em oposição às abordagens que assumem essas pessoas como sujeitos receptores per se, a metodologia deste estudo adotou a pesquisa narrativa, dada a sua potencialidade de os participantes narrarem, conhecerem e se transformarem. Assim, na primeira parte, propõe-se uma abordagem ontológica, epistêmica e metodológica da pesquisa narrativa com crianças. Em seguida, com base no trabalho de campo do estudo, são abordadas técnicas de pesquisa que favorecem a interação horizontal para a geração de conhecimento com essas pessoas, a partir da dialógica e da estética. Ao final, são apresentadas as conclusões.

Understanding elevated CO2 concentrations in East Asia relative to the global mean during boreal spring on the slow and interannual timescales.

It is important to examine the physical processes that regulate current CO2 concentrations in East Asia to understand the global carbon cycle. To do this, we begin by defining the difference between East Asian and global CO2 concentrations (East Asian CO2 concentration minus global CO2 concentration), which is referred to as East Asian local CO2 concentration (i.e., EA_LCO2). Then, we examine the physical processes associated with the variability of EA_LCO2 during boreal spring (March-April-May) on the slow and interannual timescales. Our results indicate that there are two key factors leading to elevated CO2 concentrations in East Asia relative to the global mean during boreal spring; one is higher emissions in East Asia, which mostly explains the increasing in EA_LCO2 on the slow timescales. The other is a cool sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern tropical Pacific (La-Nina-like SST), which is associated with an interannual higher CO2 concentration in East Asia than the global mean. Enhanced convective activity in the western tropical Pacific, which is associated with a La-Nina-like SST forcing, induces low-pressure circulation in the western North Pacific with northerly winds, leading to suppressed precipitation and cool surface temperature in East Asia. Subsequently, those suppress vegetation growth as well as gross primary product, resulting in relatively high CO2 concentrations in East Asia compared to the global mean.

Lineamientos Técnicos para la Implementación del Modelo de Atención Primera Infancia / Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of the Early Childhood Care Model

El presente documento contiene los Lineamientos Técnicos para la Implementación del Modelo de Atención Integral a la Primera Infancia, los cuales deberán ser aplicados por todos los sectores y actores involucrados con la atención de niñas y niños, con el objetivo de asegurar la pertinencia y calidad de las intervenciones desde una visión multidimensional del desarrollo y la responsabilidad compartida de todos los sectores y actores en la provisión de cuidados, estimulación, educación, salud y nutrición, así como en el cumplimiento de sus derechos en entornos protectores que incluyen a las familias y a los actores del territorio nacional

The present document contains the Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of the Model of Comprehensive Care for Early Childhood, which should be applied by all sectors and actors involved in the care of children, with the aim of ensuring the relevance and quality of interventions from a multidimensional vision of development and the shared responsibility of all sectors and actors in the provision of care, stimulation, education, health and nutrition, and the fulfilment of their rights in protective environments that include families and national actors

High dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentrations in the surface seawater over the marginal seas of China and the Northwest Pacific Ocean during May-July of 2021 following La Niña.

The total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt) concentrations over the surface seawater of China's marginal seas and the northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO) in May-July 2021 (during the recessional period of La Niña) were analysed. The results showed that the DMSPt concentrations in the marginal seas of China varied from 4.73 to 775.96 nmol L-1, with an average value of 111.42 ± 129.30 nmol L-1 (average ± standard deviation). It was 2-12 times higher than those previously measured in the same seas and in the NWPO in this study. Significant positive correlations between DMSPt, chlorophyll-a and surface seawater temperature (SST) were observed in the SYS, the ECS and the NWPO. Moreover, their abnormally high SST was related to La Niña. These results suggested that high phytoplankton abundance was caused by abnormally high SST following La Niña, which further promoted DMSPt concentration increases. However, the increase of DMSPt was also related to other factors such as nutrients.

Complex interactions of ENSO and local conditions buffer the poleward shift of migratory fish in a subtropical seascape.

Ocean warming is associated with the tropicalization of fish towards higher latitudes. However, the influence of global climatic phenomena like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) phases on tropicalization has been overlooked. Understanding the combined effects of global climatic forces together with local variability on the distribution and abundance of tropical fish is essential for building more accurate predictive models of species on the move. This is particularly important in regions where ENSO-related impacts are known to be major drivers of ecosystem change, and is compounded by predictions that El Niño is becoming more frequent and intense under current ocean warming. In this study, we used long-term time series of monthly standardized sampling (August 1996 to February 2020) to investigate how ocean warming, ENSO and local environmental variability influence the abundance of an estuarine dependent tropical fish species (white mullet Mugil curema) at subtropical latitudes in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Our work revealed a significant increasing trend in surface water temperature in shallow waters (<1.5 m) at estuarine and marine sites. However, against our initial expectation, we did not observe an increasing trend in the abundance of this tropical mullet species. Generalized Additive Models revealed complex, non-linear relationships between species abundance and environmental factors operating at large (ENSO's warm and cold phases), regional (freshwater discharge in the coastal lagoon's drainage basin) and local (temperature and salinity) scales across the estuarine marine gradient. These results demonstrate that fish responses to global climate change can be complex and multifaceted. More specifically, our findings suggested that the interaction among global and local driving forces dampen the expected effect of tropicalization for this mullet species in a subtropical seascape.

October Girl / Niña de octubre.

Reseña de la obra: Niña de octubre, de Linda Boström Knausgard Traducción de Rosalía Sáez, Gatopardo Ediciones, 2022.

Sexo como variable moderadora de la sintomatología internalizante y externalizante en la infancia / Sex as a moderating variable of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in childhood

Fundamentos: Uno de cada cien menores tiene algún problema de salud mental. La sintomatología varía según el sexo. Lamayoría de las investigaciones son realizadas con población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel moderador delsexo en la presencia de sintomatología internalizante (alteraciones emocionales, ansiedad y depresión) y externalizante (alteracionescomportamentales e hiperactividad) en la infancia, así como comparar población general con población clínica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 552 niños y niñas entre diez y doce años, 94 pacientes de salud mentaly 458 escolares. Los participantes cumplimentaron medidas de autoinforme:Cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades (Strengthsand Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ-Cas),Escala de depresión modificada (Modified Depression Scale, MDS) y un cuestionario deinformación sociodemográfica. Para el análisis de datos se realizaron los estadísticos descriptivos y comparaciones de medias multivariantes y univariantes, por procedimientos paramétricos y de remuestreo. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos clínico y de la población escolar ensintomatología externalizante, internalizante y depresiva (p<0,001). No se hallaron diferencias de sexo en sintomatología externalizante ni depresiva. En los síntomas internalizantes se encontraron diferencias de sexo (p<0,001, pboot<0,001), así como efectos deinteracción con el grupo (p=0,016). Las niñas tuvieron puntuaciones más altas que los niños, con mayores diferencias en el grupoclínico (p<0,001, pboot=0,003). Conclusiones: Las investigaciones con pacientes de salud mental son fundamentales para verificar la existencia o no dediferencias con la población general, así como las diferencias por sexo, lo que permitirá adaptar las estrategias preventivas y deintervención a cada caso.(AU)

Background: One in one hundred minors has some mental health problem. Symptomatology varies according to gender. Mostresearch has been conducted with the general population. The objective of this paper was to analyze the moderating role of sex inthe presence of internalizing (emotional disorders, anxiety and depression) and externalizing symptomatology (behavioral disordersand hyperactivity) in childhood, as well as to compare the general population with the clinical population. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 552 boys and girls between ten and twelve years of age, 94 mentalhealth patients and 458 schoolchildren. Participants completed self-report measures:Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Cas),Modified Depression Scale (MDS) and a sociodemographic information questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics andmultivariate and univariate mean comparisons were performed by parametric and re-sampling procedures. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between clinical and school population groups in externalizing, internalizing and depressive symptomatology (p<0.001). No sex differences were found in externalizing and depressive symptomatology.Sex differences were found in internalizing symptoms (p<0.001, pboot <0.001) as well as group interaction effects (p=0.016), girls hadhigher scores than boys, with greater differences in the clinical group (p<0.001, pboot=0.003). Conclusions: Research with mental health patients is essential to verify the existence or not of differences with the generalpopulation as well as differences by sex, which will allow adapting preventive and intervention strategies to each case.(AU)

Temporal and spatial dissimilarities in an intertidal fish assemblage in the South Pacific Ocean: The role of the ENSO process and intrinsic habitat conditions in emerging patterns.

An intertidal fish assemblage was studied in central Chile for 15 years in three localities: Isla Negra, El Tabo, and Las Cruces. Analyses of their multivariate dissimilarities were carried out considering temporal and spatial factors. Temporal factors included intra-annual and year-to-year variability. Spatial factors included locality, intertidal tidepool height, and each tidepool considered as a unique unit. Complementary to this, we tested the hypothesis that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) would help explain year-to-year dissimilarities in the multivariate structure of this fish assemblage for the 15 years of data. To this end, the ENSO was regarded as a continuous inter-annual process as well as a set of discrete events. Additionally, dissimilarities in the temporal dynamics of the fish assemblage were evaluated considering each locality and tidepool unique units. Results indicated the following: (i) The most representative species for the whole area and period of the study were Scartichthys viridis (44 %), Helcogrammoides chilensis (17 %), Girella laevifrons (10 %), Graus nigra (7 %), Auchenionchus microcirrhis (5 %), and Helcogrammoides cunninghami (4 %); (ii) there is intra-annual (i.e., seasonality) and year-to-year multivariate variability in fish assemblage dissimilarities throughout the entire area of study, including all the tidepools and localities; (iii) when considering the spatial factor specifically, each tidepool unit, as well as their heights and localities, presented their own unique temporal year-to-year dynamics. The latter can be explained by the ENSO factor, also considering the intensity of the El Niño and La Niña events. In summary, the multivariate structure of the intertidal fish assemblage was statistically dissimilar when comparing neutral periods with El Niño and La Niña events. This structure was observed for the entire area of study, for each locality, and primarily for each tidepool as a unique unit. Fish physiological mechanisms underlying the identified patterns are discussed.

Influences of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on summertime ozone pollution over central-eastern China during 1950-2014.

Summertime ozone pollution has become increasingly severe over many parts of China in recent years. Due to lack of historical ozone observations, few studies have analyzed the linkage between natural climate variability and ozone levels for a long time series. This study uses the simulation datasets from CMIP6 to explore the effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on summertime (June/July/August) surface ozone concentrations in central-eastern China (CEC; 20°N-42°N, 100°E-123°E) during the period of 1950-2014. Our results show that, after excluding the emission-related trend, the detrended summertime daily mean surface ozone concentrations averaged over CEC in El Niño years (30.69 ppb) are higher than those in La Niña events (29.34 ppb). Compared to the summertime mean ozone of 1950-2014 (30.25 ppb), the maximum anomalies in CMIP6 are 2.88 ppb (9.52% higher) and - 5.52 ppb (18.25% lower) in El Niño and La Niña years, respectively. In addition, the summertime MDA8 ozone of CEC is significantly correlated with the central-eastern equatorial Pacific SST (5°N-5°S, 170°W-120°W) (R = 0.29, P-value = 0.02). Such ozone increases/declines in El Niño/La Niña years are also found in satellite observations of OMI ozone. The results show that the ENSO affects the large-scale circulations over central-eastern China, which regulate the regional atmospheric stability and meteorological conditions (including horizontal wind fields, geopotential height, vertical velocity, surface air temperature, and precipitation) to influence the efficiency of ozone photochemical formation and transport. Our study makes better estimation and attribution of future surface ozone pollution in China.

Climate and socioeconomic drivers of biomass burning and carbon emissions from fires in tropical dry forests: A Pantropical analysis.

Global burned area has declined by nearly one quarter between 1998 and 2015. Drylands contain a large proportion of these global fires but there are important differences within the drylands, for example, savannas and tropical dry forests (TDF). Savannas, a biome fire-prone and fire-adapted, have reduced the burned area, while the fire in the TDF is one of the most critical factors impacting biodiversity and carbon emissions. Moreover, under climate change scenarios TDF is expected to increase its current extent and raise the risk of fires. Despite regional and global scale effects, and the influence of this ecosystem on the global carbon cycle, little effort has been dedicated to studying the influence of climate (seasonality and extreme events) and socioeconomic conditions of fire regimen in TDF. Here we use the Global Fire Emissions Database and, climate and socioeconomic metrics to better understand long-term factors explaining the variation in burned area and biomass in TDF at Pantropical scale. On average, fires affected 1.4% of the total TDF' area (60,208 km2 ) and burned 24.4% (259.6 Tg) of the global burned biomass annually at Pantropical scales. Climate modulators largely influence local and regional fire regimes. Inter-annual variation in fire regime is shaped by El Niño and La Niña. During the El Niño and the forthcoming year of La Niña, there is an increment in extension (35.2% and 10.3%) and carbon emissions (42.9% and 10.6%). Socioeconomic indicators such as land-management and population were modulators of the size of both, burned area and carbon emissions. Moreover, fires may reduce the capability to reach the target of "half protected species" in the globe, that is, high-severity fires are recorded in ecoregions classified as nature could reach half protected. These observations may contribute to improving fire-management.

El área global quemada se redujo en casi una cuarta parte entre 1998 y 2015. Los bosques secos contienen una gran proporción de esos incendios globales, pero existen diferencias importantes dentro de ellos, por ejemplo, las sabanas y los bosques secos tropicales (SBC). Las sabanas, son un bioma propenso y adaptado al fuego, y que en los últimos años han reducido su área quemada. Mientras que el fuego en la SBC es uno de los factores más críticos que impactan la biodiversidad y las emisiones de carbono. Además, bajo escenarios de cambio climático, se espera que la SBC aumente su extensión actual y aumente el riesgo de incendios. A pesar de los efectos a escala regional y global, y la influencia de este ecosistema en el ciclo global del carbono, se le ha dedicado poco esfuerzo a estudiar la influencia del clima (estacionalidad y eventos extremos) y las condiciones socioeconómicas del régimen de incendios. Aquí usamos la base de datos global de emisiones de incendios y métricas climáticas y socioeconómicas para comprender mejor los factores a largo plazo que explican la variación en el área quemada y la biomasa a escala Pantropical. En promedio, los incendios afectaron el 1,4% del área total de la SBC (60 208 km2 ) y quemaron el 24,4% (259,6 Tg) de la biomasa global quemada anualmente a escala Pantropical. Los moduladores climáticos influyen en gran medida en los regímenes de incendios locales y regionales. La variación interanual del régimen de incendios está determinada por El Niño y La Niña. Durante El Niño y el año subsecuente de La Niña, se produce un incremento en la extensión (35,2% y 10,3%) y en las emisiones de carbono (42,9% y 10,6%). Los indicadores socioeconómicos como la gestión de la tierra y la población fueron moduladores del tamaño tanto del área quemada como de las emisiones de carbono. Además, los incendios pueden reducir la capacidad de alcanzar el objetivo de "protección de la mitad de las especies" en el mundo, es decir, los incendios de alta gravedad se registran en ecorregiones clasificadas como naturaleza que podría alcanzar la protección de la mitad de su biodiversidad. Estas observaciones pueden contribuir a mejorar la gestión de incendios.

Unprecedented early-summer heat stress and forecast of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef, 2021-2022.

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is predicted to undergo its sixth mass coral bleaching event during the Southern Hemisphere summer of 2021-2022. Coral bleaching-level heat stress over the GBR is forecast to start earlier than any previous year in the satellite record (1985-present). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Watch (CRW) near real-time satellite-based heat stress products were used to investigate early-summer sea surface temperature (SST) and heat stress conditions on the GBR during late 2021. As of 14 December 2021, values of instantaneous heat stress (Coral Bleaching HotSpots) and accumulated heat stress over a 12-week running window (Degree Heating Weeks) on the GBR were unprecedented in the satellite record. Further, 89% of GBR satellite reef pixels for this date in 2021 had a positive seven-day SST trend of greater than 0.2 degrees Celsius/week. Background temperatures (the minimum temperature over the previous 29 days) were alarmingly high, with 87% of GBR reef pixels on 14 December 2021 being greater than the maximum SST over that same 29-day period for any year from 1985-2020. The GBR is starting the 2021-2022 summer season with more accumulated heat than ever before, which could have disastrous consequences for the health, recovery, and future of this critical reef system.

Malformaciones arteriovenosas pulmonares: presentación de un caso clínico pediátrico y revisión de la literatura / Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: presentation of a pediatric case and review of the literature

Las malformaciones arteriovenosas pulmonares (MAVP) consisten en comunicaciones directas entre el sistema arterial y el sistema venoso pulmonar, sin paso de la sangre por el lecho capilar, produciéndose un cortocircuito de derecha a izquierda extracardíaco, pueden ser congénitas o adquiridas. Algunos casos pueden ser asintomáticos, en cambio en otros pueden ocasionar diversas manifestaciones clínicas y se pueden asociar a complicaciones severas. En niños se observa una baja incidencia y son más frecuentes las formas congénitas. La MAVP se debe sospechar por las manifestaciones clínicas y las imágenes de la radiografía de tórax (RxTx) y su confirmación se realiza mediante una AngioTomografía Computada (TC) de tórax. La embolización endovascular es actualmente el tratamiento de elección, con excelentes resultados, aunque requiere de un seguimiento posterior y de un operador experimentado. Reportamos el caso de una niña que ingresó con clínica muy sugerente, incluyendo: disnea, acropaquia, cianosis periférica, e hipoxemia refractaria. Sin embargo, inicialmente el cuadro clínico fue confundido con una crisis asmática. La Angio-TC de tórax confirmó el diagnóstico y el tratamiento mediante embolización endovascular resultó exitoso.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) are communications between the arterial and the pulmonary venous system, without passage of blood through the capillary bed, causing a left to right extracardiac shunt. Some cases may be asymptomatic, while others may cause various clinical manifestations and may be associated with severe complications. In children a low incidence is observed, and congenital forms are more frequent. PAVM should be suspected by clinical manifestations and chest x-ray imaging and confirmed by chest Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Endovascular embolization is currently the treatment of choice, with excellent results, although it requires subsequent follow-up. We report a patient who was admitted with a very suggestive clinical history, including: dyspnea, clubbing, peripheral cyanosis, and severe hypoxemia, refractory to oxygen therapy. However, initially the clinical picture was confounded with an asthmatic crisis. CTA confirmed the diagnosis and treatment by endovascular embolization was successful.

Liquen escleroso genital pediátrico en niñas: serie de 11 casos / Pediatric genital lichen sclerosus: a case series of 11 girls

Fundamento: El liquen escleroso genital disminuye la calidad de vida de las mujeres; el 10-15% de los casos se dan en prepúberes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de las características de las niñas diagnosticadas con liquen escleroso genital en el Hospital Universitario de Navarra (España) entre 2019 y 2022. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron once niñas entre 4 y 14 años. Fue habitual un retraso diagnóstico tras la aparición de las lesiones de hasta dos años; la niña con cuatro años de retraso presentaba una importante alteración arquitectural vulvar. Todas presentaban lesiones escleróticas típicas en genitales, y dos de ellas también tenían afectación en espalda. Seis pacientes eran asintomáticas, el resto refería prurito y/o dolor. El tratamiento con corticoides tópicos de alta/muy alta potencia logró una buena respuesta parcial, sin remisión completa de las lesiones. Conclusión: El diagnóstico precoz de liquen escleroso genital es clave para para iniciar el tratamiento lo antes posible y evitar una alteración estructural genital irreversible.

Background. Genital lichen sclerosus decreases the quality of life of women; 10-15% of cases occur in prepubertal girls. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study on the characteristics of girls diagnosed with genital lichen sclerosus at the Hospital Universitario de Navarra (Pamplona, Spain) between 2019 and 2022. Results: Eleven girls aged between 4 and 14 year-old were diagnosed. Frequently, diagnostic delays were up to two years after the appearance of the lesions; the girl with a four-year delay showed a significant vulvar architectural alteration. All cases showed the typical sclerotic lesions on the genital area, and two of them also on the back. While six patients were asymptomatic, the rest reported pruritus and/or pain. Treatment with high/very high potency topical corticosteroids achieved a good partial response, without complete remission of the lesions. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of genital lichen sclerosus is key to start early treatment, avoiding irreversible genital structural alteration.(AU)

Crecer juntos. Política nacional de apoyo al desarrollo infantil temprano. 2020-2030 / Grow up together. National policy to support early childhood development. 2020-2030

Estamos marcando un antes y después en la historia del país, con una política de Estado que trascenderá las tradicionales gestiones gubernamentales, poniendo como protagonistas a los miles de niñas y niños, así como las generaciones por venir. Esta política nos asegura un trabajo enfocado en fortalecer el desarrollo de nuestro país para prevenir la pobreza, la violencia, la desigualdad, falta de oportunidades y de innovación. Crecer Juntos busca propiciar que nuestra niñez alcance su máximo potencial de desarrollo, abarcando desde su gestación hasta cumplir los 8 años, con atenciones de calidad en salud, nutrición, educación, aprendizaje, cuidados y protección, a través de estrategias, programas y acciones interinstitucionales e intersectoriales para impactar en los objetivos económicos y sociales a largo plazo, y que todos puedan gozar de oportunidades equitativas y, finalmente, tener una mejor calidad de vida

We are marking a before and after in the history of the country, with a State policy that will transcend traditional government efforts, putting thousands of girls and boys, as well as generations to come, as protagonists. This policy ensures us a work focused on strengthening the development of our country to prevent poverty, violence, inequality, lack of opportunities and innovation. seeks to encourage our children to reach their maximum development potential, ranging from pregnancy to the age of 8, wi grow up together th quality care in health nutrition, education, learning, care and protection, through inter-institutional strategies, programs and actions. and intersectoral to impact long-term economic and social objectives, so that everyone can enjoy equal opportunities and, ultimately, have a better quality of life